The hand-copied witnesses behind every modern translation — and the places they disagree. Each variant is linked to the passages it affects.
A cache of roughly 900 scrolls discovered in caves near Qumran beginning in 1947. The Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaᵃ) is the oldest near-complete biblical manuscript known, pushing the witness to the Hebrew Script…
A hand-written copy of the Christian Bible, in Greek, produced in the mid-fourth century. Sinaiticus contains the whole New Testament along with large portions of the Old Testament. It is the oldest complete co…
One of the oldest extant manuscripts of the Greek Bible. Its text is closely related to that of Sinaiticus and together they represent the Alexandrian text type that underlies most modern critical editions of t…
The oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible. Produced by the Masoretes, Jewish scribes who preserved the consonantal text and added vowel pointing, cantillation marks, and marginal notes. The Leningrad C…
The printed Greek New Testament that underlay the Reformation-era translations including Tyndale, the Geneva Bible, and the King James Version. Compiled from late medieval Byzantine manuscripts, it became the r…